Fundamental Rights of EU Citizens in Purely Internal Situations: From Reverse Discrimination to Incorporation?
Abstract
The phenomenon of reverse discrimination in the EU has been in the focus of academic research and debate due to the inequality it generates between citizens of the European Union, and it continues to create controversies. Reverse discrimination occurs when a Member State treats its own nationals who cannot point to a link with EU law less favourably than those whose situation is covered by EU law. Such a difference in treatment leads to double standards in fundamental rights protection granted to EU citizens, undermining the EU principle of equality. At the same time, the development of EU citizenship suggests this legal status has the potential to tackle the issues of inequality. The Court of Justice has in its jurisprudence developed EU citizenship as a fundamental status of nationals of EU Member States, provoking many interesting and potentially revolutionary interpretations of citizenship in terms of pushing the borders of EU competences to protect fundamental rights. In this context, it seems relevant to explore the extent and the transformative potential of EU citizenship which rejects the supplementary market paradigm and embraces equality as its underlying purpose. This paper discusses the prospect of using the citizenship provisions of EU Treaties as a legal basis to end reverse discrimination by claiming EU competence in purely internal situations. To explain the possible implications of this option, a parallel is drawn with the US constitutional doctrine of incorporation. To that extent, the paper argues that the effects of applying EU fundamental rights protection in purely internal situations on the basis of EU citizenship would be similar to the effects of the incorporation doctrine in the US. Such a possible development in EU law, even if normatively desirable, would be contrary to the EU's current constitutional design. The right forums to end reverse discrimination based on the principle of equality common to the Member States are, at the moment, only national courts or the European Court of Human Rights acting outside the EU’s own legal framework. Still, a reform of the current system of EU fundamental rights protection would be welcome as the only way to efficiently end this type of inequality. The problem of reverse discrimination should no longer be tolerated under EU law as it contradicts its underlying substantive values and legal principles.
Keywords: EU law, purely internal situations, reverse discrimination, EU citizenship, fundamental rights, incorporation doctrine.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution − Non-Commercial − No Derivatives 4.0 International License.
Suggested citation: N Jarak, ‘Fundamental Rights of EU Citizens in Purely Internal Situations: From Reverse Discrimination to Incorporation?’ (2021) 17 CYELP 41.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Niko Jarak

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All manuscripts published in CYELP are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution − Non-Commercial − No Derivatives 4.0 International License. This permits anyone to copy and redistribute their work in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source are appropriately cited.
For all manuscripts published in CYELP, the copyright remains with the author(s). This means that the author(s) grant the right of first publication to the Yearbook, while retaining the copyright to their manuscripts (accepted for publication or published in CYELP), and may republish these, in full or in part, in other publications, books or materials. However, the following conditions should be met:
- the manuscript is published open access;
- when reusing the manuscript, the original source of publication must be properly acknowledged and referenced;
- the manuscript remains published by CYELP on its website;
- the manuscript is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution − Non Commercial − No Derivatives 4.0 International License.