The Bologna Process and the Lisbon Strategy: Commercialisation of Higher Education through the Back Door?
Abstract
The higher education sectors of European countries have been subjected to an unprecedented amount of reforms over the past decade. Much of these changes are the consequence of the Bologna Process, which introduces a common Bachelor-Master-Doctorate system in the participating countries, with a view to increasing the employability of the European citizen and the international competitiveness of Europe as a whole. Apart from the Bologna Process, the important EU policy project called the Lisbon Strategy clearly affects higher education policy, as its goal is to establish the world’s most competitive knowledge economy. ‘Lisbon’ and ‘Bologna’ increasingly converge, particularly via the Open Method of Coordination, which is not surprising considering that they are both part of the same momentum. This momentum seems to regard education almost exclusively as an economic commodity, and it could therefore be argued that both policy projects contribute to a commercialisation of higher education. The desirability of this development is questionable, and the fact that both Bologna and Lisbon suffer from serious democratic defects indicates that much needed public-wide discussions are lacking.Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All manuscripts published in CYELP are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution − Non-Commercial − No Derivatives 4.0 International License. This permits anyone to copy and redistribute their work in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source are appropriately cited.
For all manuscripts published in CYELP, the copyright remains with the author(s). This means that the author(s) grant the right of first publication to the Yearbook, while retaining the copyright to their manuscripts (accepted for publication or published in CYELP), and may republish these, in full or in part, in other publications, books or materials. However, the following conditions should be met:
- the manuscript is published open access;
- when reusing the manuscript, the original source of publication must be properly acknowledged and referenced;
- the manuscript remains published by CYELP on its website;
- the manuscript is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution − Non Commercial − No Derivatives 4.0 International License.